Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a WHO grade IV glioma and the most common malignant,
primary brain tumor with a 5-year survival of 7.2%. Its highly infiltrative nature, genetic …

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the deadliest form of brain cancer, with a median survival of less than
2 years despite surgical resection, radiation, and chemotherapy. GBM's rapid progression …

Immune surveillance against pathogens and tumours in the central nervous system is
thought to be limited owing to the lack of lymphatic drainage. However, the characterization …

Glioma is often referred to as one of the most dreadful central nervous system (CNS)-specific
tumors with rapidly-proliferating cancerous glial cells, accounting for nearly half of the brain …

Cancer immunotherapy by immune checkpoint blockade has proven its great potential by
saving the lives of a proportion of late stage patients with immunogenic tumor types …

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive, malignant primary brain tumor in adults. GBM is
notoriously resistant to immunotherapy mainly due to its unique immune microenvironment …

Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists demonstrate therapeutic promise as immunological
adjuvants for anticancer immunotherapy. To date, three TLR agonists have been approved …

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) represent a low number of T‐cell population under normal
conditions, and they play key roles for maintaining immune system in homeostasis. The …

Dendritic cells (DCs) are a heterogeneous group of antigen-presenting innate immune cells
that regulate adaptive immunity, including against cancer. Therefore, understanding the …

Simple Summary Macrophages are a specialized immune cell type found in both
invertebrates and vertebrates. Versatile in functionality, macrophages carry out important …