The ALICE experiment was proposed in 1993, to study strongly-interacting matter at extreme
energy densities and temperatures. This proposal entailed a comprehensive investigation of …

The past seventeen years have witnessed tremendous progress on the experimental and
theoretical explorations of the multiquark states. The hidden-charm and hidden-bottom …

Quantum Chromodynamics, the theory of quarks and gluons, whose interactions can be
described by a local SU (3) gauge symmetry with charges called “color quantum numbers” …

Recent studies based on lattice Monte Carlo simulations of quantum chromodynamics
(QCD)—the theory of strong interactions—have demonstrated that at high temperature there …

A large number of experimental discoveries especially in the heavy quarkonium sector that
did not meet the expectations of the until then very successful quark model led to a …

Chiral symmetry and its spontaneous breaking play an important role both in the light
hadron and heavy hadron systems. The chiral perturbation theory (χ PT) is the low energy …

We review key measurements performed by CMS in the context of its heavy ion physics
program, using event samples collected in 2010–2018 with several collision systems and …

In the past two decades, a plethora of hadronic states beyond the conventional quark model
of qq ̄ mesons and qqq baryons have been observed experimentally, which motivated …

The first evidence for X (3872) production in relativistic heavy ion collisions is reported. The
X (3872) production is studied in lead-lead (Pb-Pb) collisions at a center-of-mass energy of s …

In the past decade, exotic hadrons with charm and bottom flavors have been extensively
studied both in experiments and in theories. In this review, we provide topical discussions by …