This review compares the biological and physiological function of Sigma receptors [σRs] and
their potential therapeutic roles. Sigma receptors are widespread in the central nervous …

Because of the problems associated with opioids, drug discovery efforts have been
employed to develop opioids with reduced side effects using approaches such as biased …

The sigma-1 (σ1) receptor, an enigmatic protein originally classified as an opioid receptor
subtype, is now understood to possess unique structural and functional features of its own …

Immune and glial cells play a pivotal role in chronic pain. Therefore, it is possible that the
pharmacological modulation of neurotransmission from an exclusively neuronal perspective …

Introduction Pharmacotherapeutic options continue to expand for the treatment of chronic
non-cancer pain. There has been an increasing emphasis on multimodal analgesia. This …

Glutamate is probably the most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. The
glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is a calcium-gated channel that …

The sigma-2 receptor has been cloned and identified as Tmem97, which is a
transmembrane protein involved in intracellular Ca 2+ regulation and cholesterol …

Indazolones possess interesting pharmacological activities. The search for indazole and
indazolone-containing nuclei as drugs is an important research area of medicinal chemistry …

Aims: The in vivo pharmacology of the sigma 1 receptor (σ1R) is certainly complex; however,
σ1R antagonists are of therapeutic interest, because they enhance mu-opioid receptor …

Cell excitability is tightly regulated by the activity of ion channels that allow for the passage
of ions across cell membranes. Ion channel activity is controlled by different mechanisms …