Internal variability in the climate system confounds assessment of human-induced climate
change and imposes irreducible limits on the accuracy of climate change projections …

El Niño events are characterized by surface warming of the tropical Pacific Ocean and
weakening of equatorial trade winds that occur every few years. Such conditions are …

Abstract Most El Niño events occur sporadically and peak in a single winter,–, whereas La
Niña tends to develop after an El Niño and last for two years or longer,,–. Relative to single …

Five out of six La Niña events since 1998 have lasted two to three years. Why so many long-
lasting multiyear La Niña events have emerged recently and whether they will become more …

There is high demand and a growing expectation for predictions of environmental conditions
that go beyond 0–14-day weather forecasts with outlooks extending to one or more seasons …

Previous studies have emphasized the significance of a strong El Niño preceding La Niña
(LN) in the formation of multi-year LN events due to the slow recharge-discharge ocean heat …

To better understand the diverse temporal evolutions of observed El Niño‒Southern
Oscillation (ENSO) events, which are characterized as single-or multi-year, this study …

Abstract Purpose of Review This paper reviews recent progress in understanding of the
North Pacific Meridional Mode (NPMM) and its influence on the timing, magnitude, flavor …

This study compares the evolution of atmospheric and oceanic anomalies as well as
predictions for the two most recent triple‐dip La Niña events in 1998–2001 and 2020–2023 …

Abstract Multi-year El Niño events induce severe and persistent floods and droughts
worldwide, with significant socioeconomic impacts, but the causes of their long-lasting …