Autophagy is a catabolic pathway that promotes the degradation and recycling of cellular
components. Proteins, lipids, and even whole organelles are engulfed in autophagosomes …

The optic nerve has been widely used to investigate factors that regulate axon regeneration
in the mammalian CNS. Although retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the projection neurons of …

Retinal organoids are three-dimensional structures derived from human pluripotent stem
cells (hPSCs) which recapitulate the spatial and temporal differentiation of the retina, serving …

Pluripotent stem cells can be differentiated into 3D retinal organoids, with major cell types
self-patterning into a polarized, laminated architecture. In static cultures, organoid …

Background Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is well known for its role in normal
and pathologic neovascularization. However, a growing body of evidence indicates that …

Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death is a hallmark of traumatic optic neuropathy, glaucoma,
and other optic neuropathies that result in irreversible vision loss. However, therapeutic …

Autophagy is an essential recycling pathway implicated in neurodegeneration either as a
pro-survival or a pro-death mechanism. Its role after axonal injury is still uncertain. Axotomy …

The three members of the Pou4f family of transcription factors: Pou4f1, Pou4f2, Pou4f3
(Brn3a, Brn3b and Brn3c, respectively) play, during development, essential roles in the …

purpose. To investigate the effect of transcorneal electrical stimulation (TES) on the survival
of axotomized RGCs and the mechanism underlying the TES-induced neuroprotection in …

Trauma or disease in the CNS often leads to neuronal death and consequent loss of
functional connections. The idea has been put forward that strategies aimed at repairing the …