Simultaneous recordings from hundreds or thousands of neurons are becoming routine
because of innovations in instrumentation, molecular tools, and data processing software …

To localize objects during active sensing, animals must differentiate stimuli caused by
volitional movement from real-world object motion. To determine a neural basis for this …

This article presents an update on known and unknown biological codes. While the genetic
code has been recognized as a code for decades, most other codes were hidden in the …

This article highlights the potential contribution of biological codes to the course and
dynamics of evolution. The concept of organic codes, developed by Marcello Barbieri, has …

Rodent sensory cortex contains salt-and-pepper maps of sensory features, whose structure
is not fully known. Here we investigated the structure of the salt-and-pepper whisker …

The integration of somatosensory signals across fingers is essential for dexterous object
manipulation. Previous experiments suggest that this integration occurs in neural …

Linking sensory-evoked traveling waves to underlying circuit patterns is critical to
understanding the neural basis of sensory perception. To form this link, we performed …

This chapter gives an overview of biological codes based on Marcello Barbieri's concept of
codes as mapping between two independent worlds through an adaptor. Biological codes in …

The cortical microcircuit can dynamically adjust to dramatic changes in the strength, scale,
and complexity of its input. In the primary visual cortex (V1), pyramidal cells (PCs) integrate …

Divisive normalization, a prominent descriptive model of neural activity, is employed by
theories of neural coding across many different brain areas. Yet, the relationship between …