Insulin resistance is a metabolic disorder affecting multiple tissues and is a precursor event
to type 2 diabetes (T2D). As T2D affects over 425 million people globally, there is an …

Skeletal muscle is a plastic organ that is maintained by multiple pathways regulating cell
and protein turnover. During muscle atrophy, proteolytic systems are activated, and …

Since the discovery of myostatin (MSTN; also known as GDF-8) as a critical regulator of
skeletal muscle mass in 1997, there has been an extensive effort directed at understanding …

The myostatin/activin type II receptor (ActRII) pathway has been identified to be critical in
regulating skeletal muscle size. Several other ligands, including GDF11 and the activins …

Cardiac hypertrophy is a multifactorial disease characterized by multiple molecular
alterations. One of these alterations is change in the activity of Akt, which plays a central role …

Sarcopenia, an age-related decline in skeletal muscle mass and function, dramatically
affects the life quality of elder people. In view of increasing life expectancy, sarcopenia …

Myostatin is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth secreted by skeletal myocytes. In
the past years, myostatin inhibition sparked interest among the scientific community for its …

Follistatin is essential for skeletal muscle development and growth, but the intracellular
signaling networks that regulate follistatin-mediated effects are not well defined. We show …

The transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) superfamily comprises a large number of
secreted proteins that regulate various fundamental biological processes underlying …

The TGF-β family ligands myostatin, GDF11, and activins are negative regulators of skeletal
muscle mass, which have been reported to primarily signal via the ActRIIB receptor on …