The notion that the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) can have more than
one stable equilibrium emerged in the 1980s as a powerful hypothesis to explain rapid …

The climate is a forced, dissipative, nonlinear, complex, and heterogeneous system that is
out of thermodynamic equilibrium. The system exhibits natural variability on many scales of …

We review the sea‐level and energy budgets together from 1961, using recent and updated
estimates of all terms. From 1972 to 2008, the observed sea‐level rise (1.8±0.2 mm yr− 1 …

We present a reconstruction of global sea level (GSL) since 1700 calculated from tide gauge
records and analyse the evolution of global sea level acceleration during the past 300 years …

Specific components of the Earth system may abruptly change their state in response to
gradual changes in forcing. This possibility has attracted great scientific interest in recent …

This book introduces stochastic dynamical systems theory in order to synthesize our current
knowledge of climate variability. Nonlinear processes, such as advection, radiation and …

The basic structure and dynamics of the primary electric current systems in the Earth's
magnetosphere are presented and discussed. In geophysics, the word current is used to …

We review work on extreme events, their causes and consequences, by a group of
European and American researchers involved in a three-year project on these topics. The …

Low-frequency variability of the Kuroshio Extension (KE) is studied using observations and a
multidecadal (1950–2003) hindcast by a high-resolution (0.1°), eddy-resolving, global …

Transitions are to be found throughout the natural world. The laws of nature are usually
represented by differential equations, which can be regarded as dynamical systems—both …