Transforming growth factor-βs (TGF-βs) and bone morphometric proteins (BMPs) belong to
the TGF-β superfamily and perform essential functions during osteoblast and chondrocyte …

The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily controls a wide spectrum of biological
processes in metazoans, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, cell-fate …

Wolff's law and the Utah Paradigm of skeletal physiology state that bone architecture adapts
to mechanical loads. These models predict the existence of a mechanostat that links strain …

Imbalance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts accounts for the incidence and
deterioration of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Abnormally elevated RANKL and TNF-α …

Objectives With age, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) have reduced ability of
differentiating into osteoblasts but have increased ability of differentiating into adipocytes …

The ubiquitination mediated by ubiquitin activating enzyme (E1), ubiquitin conjugating
enzyme (E2), and ubiquitin ligase (E3) cascade is crucial to protein degradation …

Accumulating evidence indicates an association between the circadian clock and the aging
process. However, it remains elusive whether the deregulation of circadian clock proteins …

The initiation of osteogenesis primarily occurs as mesenchymal stem cells undergo
differentiation into osteoblasts. This differentiation process plays a crucial role in bone …

Smad ubiquitination regulatory factor 1 (Smurf1) and Smurf2 are HECT-type E3 ubiquitin
ligases, and both Smurfs were initially identified to regulate Smad protein stability in the TGF …

SMAD3 plays a central role in cancer metastasis, and its hyperactivation is linked to poor
cancer outcomes. Thus, it is critical to understand the upstream signaling pathways that …