Oxygen-derived free radicals, collectively termed reactive oxygen species (ROS), play
important roles in immunity, cell growth, and cell signaling. In excess, however, ROS are …

Receptors of the innate immune system detect conserved determinants of microbial and viral
origin. Activation of these receptors initiates signaling events that culminate in an effective …

Within the human female reproductive tract (FRT), the challenge of protection against
sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is coupled with the need to enable successful …

Stress proteins (SPs) including heat-shock proteins (HSPs), RNA chaperones, and ER
associated stress proteins are molecular chaperones essential for cellular homeostasis. The …

One of the mechanisms by which the innate immune system senses the invasion of
pathogenic microorganisms is through the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize …

The innate immune system in drosophila and mammals senses the invasion of
microorganisms using the family of Toll receptors, stimulation of which initiates a range of …

Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacterium whose only natural host is
humans. Although presenting as asymptomatic in most women, genital tract chlamydial …

Bacterial sepsis and septic shock result from the overproduction of inflammatory mediators
as a consequence of the interaction of the immune system with bacteria and bacterial wall …

The endothelium forms a vast network that dynamically regulates vascular barrier function,
coagulation pathways and vasomotor tone. Microvascular endothelial cells are uniquely …

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, accounting for
16.7 million deaths each year. The underlying cause of the majority of CVD is …