Evolutionary immunology has entered a new era. Classical studies, using just a handful of
model animal species, combined with clinical observations, provided an outline of how …

The jawless vertebrates (agnathans or cyclostomes) are ancestral animals comprising
lampreys and hagfishes, which are the only extant representatives. They possess an …

The leucine-rich repeat-based variable lymphocyte receptor B (VLRB) antibody system of
jawless vertebrates is capable of generating an antibody repertoire equal to or exceeding …

Sialic acid is a diverse group of monosaccharides often found on the termini of N-and O-
linked glycans as well as being components of glycoconjugates. Hypersialylation has been …

Variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) are antigen receptors derived from the adaptive
immune system of jawless vertebrates such as lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). First …

At present, there is a research gap concerning the specific functions and mechanisms of the
Notch gene family and its signaling pathway in jawless vertebrates. In this study, we …

Current cancer treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone
therapy, and targeted therapy. However, challenges such as recurrence, metastasis, drug …

The fine structure of fibroblasts, lymphocytes, neurosecretory cells, stem cells, and
steroidogenic cells in the nematode Sphaerolaimus gracilis was studied by transmission …

Variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) are a type of antigen receptor derived from the
adaptive immune system of jawless vertebrates such as lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) …