Biological materials found in Nature such as nacre and bone are well recognized as light‐
weight, strong, and tough structural materials. The remarkable toughness and damage …

Nature has a wide range of biological protection strategies that show resilience to impact
loading. These strategies also serve a certain amount of flexibility that contribute to body …

Biological systems must have the capability to withstand impacts generated during collisions
due to combat and defense. Thus, evolution has created complex materials' architectures at …

Throughout billions of years, biological systems have evolved sophisticated, multiscale
hierarchical structures to adapt to changing environments. Biomaterials are synthesized …

Biological materials are typically multifunctional but many have evolved to optimize a chief
mechanical function. These functions include impact or fracture resistance, armor and …

Horns from the Bovidae family represent extremely tough natural composites that resist
flexural and impact damage during combat. However, the microstructure characteristics of …

Keratin is one of the most important structural proteins in nature and is widely found in the
integument in vertebrates. It is classified into two types: α-helices and β-pleated sheets …

The study of biological materials and bio‐inspired materials science is well established;
however, surprisingly little knowledge is systematically translated to engineering solutions …

High-performance/multifunctional metallic components primarily determine the service
performance of equipment applied in the aerospace, aviation, and automobile industries …

Biological structural materials realize outstanding mechanical properties by assembling
hard and soft components into complex hierarchical structures, which provide abundant …