Since the 2010s, China has used economic coercion against Western and Asian states to
achieve territorial and political goals. China's leveraging of its market is a form of “predatory …

Twinning relationships—that is, formalized long-term partnerships between two
municipalities or provinces—have been a longstanding facet of Canadian foreign relations …

Scholarship on paradiplomacy, or sub-national diplomacy, has often focused on economics,
trade, cooperation and politics. The deepening of strategic competition between the …

This book examines US subnational engagement in foreign relations, or paradiplomacy,
with China and Taiwan from 1949 to 2020. As an alternative diplomatic history of the United …

After the introduction of the 16+ 1 cooperation platform in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE)
in 2012, bilateral relations between China and Czechia warmed up in the period 2015 …

This article analyzes the development of paradiplomatic relations between subnational
governments in China and Sweden. The empirical material comprises official documents …

Understanding China's rise to global prominence requires an understanding of the
international engagement of its local governments. This chapter provides a comprehensive …

Although China is a relative late comer to the practice of subnational foreign relations, it has
quickly become an enthusiastic proponent of the practice. Since the first subnational …

China does not have formal alliances; rather, it has partnerships. But what is the significance
of 'partnerships'? How are they defined and used by Beijing? How different are they from …

Czech-China relations are unique in Europe for their volatility over the past decade. The
Czech Republic under President Zeman distanced itself from the previous tradition of …