Bath smelting and converting technologies for copper production have been improved,
resulting in higher production efficiency and less polluting emissions. Reported studies on …

The emerging bottom blown copper smelting (SKS) technology has attracted growing
interest since it came into production. To further reveal the agitation behavior inside the bath …

Copper matte converting is the key step to ensure high primary copper recovery in the
smelting chain. Its development and the fundamental research carried out over the past …

In top blowing steelmaking, the impact behavior of the supersonic oxygen jet significantly
affects the emulsification of slag–metal and the reaction rate in the molten bath. To enhance …

There has been a great deal of focus on the optimization of tuyere arrangements in SKS
bottom blown copper smelting furnaces since the last decade, as the improved furnace …

A previously reported numerical method using the multi-fluid VOF model to simulate an SKS
furnace multiphase flow was further verified to provide a good reference for the macroscopic …

CFD simulation using a multi-fluid VOF model on scaled-down SKS furnace multiphase flow
was conducted, targeting the agitation performance under conditions of different tuyere …

For the recovery and utilization of valuable metals in metallurgical solid waste, a side-blown
vortex smelting reduction reactor is proposed for the recovery of Fe from copper slag. A …

The quantity and accuracy of fundamental data available on copper smelting and converting
systems has greatly increased over the past several decades. Engineers need no longer …

Oxygen lances are key equipment for copper converters. The effect of the lance
arrangement on the mixing of a gas–slag two–phase is discussed using numerical …