Paroxysmal symptoms are well-recognized manifestations of multiple sclerosis (MS). These
are characterized by multiple, brief, sudden onset, and stereotyped episodes. They manifest …

ABSTRACT Background and Purpose: Spasm of the near reflex (SNR) can be a variable,
unpredictable condition. There is no standard management strategy. The purpose of this …

Purpose of review The purpose of this review is to summarize current understanding
regarding disorders of gaze with comitant ocular misalignment at distance or near and a full …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an acquired demyelinating and inflammatory neurodegenerative
disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS). Clinical and subclinical ocular …

Physiological adaptation of the eye to the visual perception of near objects consists of the
“near triad”: convergence, accommodation, and pupil miosis. Normally, these tend to revert …

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of multiple sclerosis (MS) on the amplitude of
accommodation (AA) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness. Materials and Methods …

Der Konvergenzexzess ist ein häufiger Befund insbesondere bei kindlichen Schielformen.
Die genaue Diagnostik erfolgt nach Vollkorrektur jeglicher unter Zykloplegie gemessenen …

A female 27 presented with nausea and diplopia for 1 week. On examination she had
normal vertical gaze but would develop convergence with miosis whenever she made …

OBJECTIVE: Convergence spasm is a clinical condition characterized by transient episodes
of convergence, miosis and accommodation with strabismus and diplopia and it is usually a …

ABSTRACT A hypertensive patient presented with complaints of headache and fluctuating
double vision and deterioration in vision from 2010. She displayed symptoms associated …