The skeleton is an exquisitely sensitive and archetypal T3-target tissue that demonstrates
the critical role for thyroid hormones during development, linear growth, and adult bone …

Bones provide mechanical and protective function, while also serving as housing for marrow
and a site for regulation of calcium ion homeostasis. The properties of bones do not remain …

Cartilage injury is extremely common and leads to joint dysfunction. Existing joint prostheses
do not remodel with host joint tissue. However, developing large-scale biomimetic …

OBJECTIVE: Three-dimensional (3D) cultures are widely used to redifferentiate
chondrocytes. However, the rationale behind the choice for 3D above two-dimensional (2D) …

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare genetic disease characterized by
extraskeletal bone formation through endochondral ossification. FOP patients harbor point …

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common degenerative joint disease and no disease-
modifying therapy for OA is currently available. Targeting articular cartilage alone may not …

Background Autophagy and ER stress are involved in maintaining some well-orchestrated
mechanisms aimed at either restoring cellular homeostasis or performing cell death …

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare and intractable disease characterized
by extraskeletal bone formation through endochondral ossification. Patients with FOP harbor …

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint disease known for cartilage degeneration, leading to a
substantial burden on individuals and society due to its high disability rate. However, current …

Defects of articular cartilage present a unique clinical challenge due to its poor self-healing
capacity and avascular nature. Current surgical treatment options do not ensure consistent …