Na+ plays a vital role in numerous physiological processes across humans and animals,
necessitating a comprehensive understanding of Na+ transmembrane transport. Among the …

Although there has been long-standing recognition that stimuli-induced cytosolic pH
alterations coincide with changes in calcium ion (Ca2+) levels, the interdependence …

Kalium channelrhodopsin 1 from Hyphochytrium catenoides (Hc KCR1) is a light-gated
channel used for optogenetic silencing of mammalian neurons. It selects K+ over Na+ in the …

The peripheral nervous system, consisting of somatic sensory circuits and autonomic
effector circuits, enables communication between the body's organs and the brain …

Channelrhodopsins are microbial light-gated ion channels that can control the firing of
neurons in response to light. Among several cation channelrhodopsins identified in …

Channelrhodopsins are popular optogenetic tools in neuroscience, but remain poorly
understood mechanistically. Here we report the cryo-EM structures of channelrhodopsin-2 …

The analysis of neural circuits has been revolutionized by optogenetic methods. Light-gated
chloride-conducting anion channelrhodopsins (ACRs)—recently emerged as powerful …

Krokinobacter eikastus rhodopsin 2 (KR2) is a typical light-driven sodium pump. Although
wild-type KR2 exhibits high Na+ selectivity, mutagenesis performed on the residues …

Methods of reducing nanofluids' internal resistance by mixing conductive nanomaterials will
negatively affect the nanochannel structures and ion transmissions. Herein, a layered …

Body movements influence brain-wide neuronal activities. In the sensory cortex,
thalamocortical bottom-up inputs and motor-sensory top-down inputs are thought to affect …