Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are targeted immunoconjugate constructs that integrate
the potency of cytotoxic drugs with the selectivity of monoclonal antibodies, minimizing …

This review focuses on immune checkpoint inhibitors–immunomodulatory agents that aim to
relieve tumour-mediated immune-cell suppression. Immune checkpoint proteins can be …

Cancer immunotherapy has made great strides in the recent decade, especially in the area
of immune checkpoint blockade. The outstanding efficacy, prolonged durability of effect, and …

Blockade of the programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)
interaction has emerged as a powerful strategy in cancer immunotherapy. Recently, there …

Resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is a common predicament in cancer
immunotherapy, which requires urgent interventions. V-domain immunoglobulin suppressor …

Targeting PD-L1 and PD-1 interactions is a relatively new therapeutic strategy used to treat
cancer. Inhibitors of PD-1/PD-L1 include peptides, small molecule chemical compounds …

Agents targeting the B7 family co-inhibitory receptors cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4
(CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1), or its ligand (PD-L1), have a pivotal …

Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) are fundamental to many biological processes that play
an important role in the occurrence and development of a variety of diseases. Targeting the …

Initially understood for its physiological maintenance of self-tolerance, the immune
checkpoint molecule has recently been recognized as a promising anti-cancer target. There …

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second most common cause of cancer-related
deaths in the world. More than half of patients with HCC present with advanced stage, and …