Multibody software designed for mechanical engineering has been successfully employed
in biomedical research for many years. For real time operation some biomedical researchers …

This review article evaluates various techniques that have been used to determine in vivo
loads in the human knee. Two main techniques that have been used are telemetry, which is …

Image rendering maps scene parameters to output pixel values; animation maps motion-
control parameters to trajectory values. Because these mapping functions are usually …

Robots are machines that have interested the general population throughout history. In
general, they are machines or devices that operate automatically or by remote control …

This paper describes algorithms for the animation of men and women performing three
dynamic athletic behaviors: running, bicycling, and vaulting. We animate these behaviors …

This paper is about the use of control algorithms to animate dynamic legged locomotion.
Control could free the animator from specifying the details of joint and limb motion while …

This paper describes an algorithm for automatically adapting existing simulated behaviors to
new characters. Animating a new character is difficult because a control system tuned for …

A three-dimensional, dynamic model of the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral articulations was
developed to predict the motions of knee implants during a step-up activity. Patterns of …

Birds, fish, and many other animals travel as a flock, school, or herd. Animals in these
groups must remain in close proximity while avoiding collisions with neighbors and with …

This report describes a new mathematical model for defining the joint reaction forces of the
lower extremity using Kane's method of dynamics. Our model utilized average lower …