Numerous modern technological and scientific advances have changed the vaccine
industry. However, nearly 70 years of influenza vaccine usage have passed without …

Allergy is a major public health problem with a high socio‐economic impact. The number of
allergic patients is expected to reach to four billion within two decades when the World's …

Inflammasomes are a group of protein complexes built around several proteins, including
NLRP3, NLRC4, AIM2 and NLRP6. Recognition of a diverse range of microbial, stress and …

In the past few decades, hundreds of materials have been tried as adjuvant; however, only
aluminum-based adjuvants continue to be used widely in the world. Aluminum hydroxide …

Aluminum (Al) is a ubiquitous substance encountered both naturally (as the third most
abundant element) and intentionally (used in water, foods, pharmaceuticals, and vaccines); …

Uric acid is a waste product of purine catabolism. This molecule comes to clinical attention
when it nucleates to form crystals of monosodium urate (MSU) in joints or other tissues, and …

Helminth-induced type 2 immune responses, which are characterized by the T helper 2 cell-
associated cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13, mediate host protection through …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major public health problem with substantial economic and
social impacts around the world. The hallmarks of AD pathogenesis include deposition of …

Macrophage polarization to proinflammatory M1-like or anti-inflammatory M2-like cells is
critical to mount a host defense or repair tissue. The exact molecular mechanisms controlling …

Significance: Mitochondria, vital cellular power plants to generate energy, are involved in
immune responses. Mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are …