How virulence evolves after a virus jumps to a new host species is central to disease
emergence. Our current understanding of virulence evolution is based on insights drawn …

The patterns and processes of influenza virus evolution are of fundamental importance,
underpinning such traits as the propensity to emerge in new host species and the ability to …

Since 2013, there have been several alarming influenza‐related events; the spread of highly
pathogenic avian influenza H5 viruses into North America, the detection of H10N8 and …

Cross-species transmission events were commonplace, with numerous cases of host-
switching during the viral evolutionary history, but relatively little evidence for onward …

Equine influenza viruses (EIVs) of H3N8 subtype are culprits of severe acute respiratory
infections in horses, and are still responsible for significant outbreaks worldwide …

Among all the emerging and re-emerging animal diseases, influenza group is the prototype
member associated with severe respiratory infections in wide host species. Wherein, Equine …

Influenza A viruses are amongst the most challenging viruses that threaten both human and
animal health. Constantly evolving and crossing species barrier, the emergence of novel …

Influenza virus infections of carnivores—primarily in dogs and in large and small cats—have
been repeatedly observed to be caused by a number of direct spillovers of avian viruses or …

Sialic acids (Sia) are the primary receptors for influenza viruses and are widely displayed on
cell surfaces and in secreted mucus. Sia may be present in variant forms that include O …

It is quite intriguing that bovines were largely unaffected by influenza A, even though most of
the domesticated and wild animals/birds at the human–animal interface succumbed to …