Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) is a transcription factor that acts in low-oxygen conditions. The
cellular response to HIF activation is transcriptional upregulation of a large group of genes …

Bone is composed of dense and solid cortical bone and honeycomb-like trabecular bone.
Although cortical bone provides the majority of mechanical strength for a bone, there are few …

ABSTRACT A switch from autophagy to apoptosis is implicated in chondrocytes during the
osteoarthritis (OA) progression with currently unknown mechanism (s). In this study we …

Chondrocyte hypertrophy followed by cartilage matrix degradation and vascular invasion,
characterized by expression of type X collagen (COL10A1), matrix metalloproteinase-13 …

Skeletal growth relies on both biosynthetic and catabolic processes,. While the role of the
former is clearly established, how the latter contributes to growth-promoting pathways is less …

According to the general understanding, the chondrocyte lineage terminates with the
elimination of late hypertrophic cells by apoptosis in the growth plate. However, recent cell …

Autophagy is a dynamic and highly regulated process of self-digestion responsible for cell
survival and reaction to oxidative stress. As oxidative stress is increased in uremia and is …

Autophagy is a conserved lysosomal degradation process that has important roles in both
normal human physiology and disease. However, the function of autophagy in bone …

From an evolutionary perspective, the major function of bone is to provide stable sites for
muscle attachment and affording protection of vital organs, especially the heart and lungs …

Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved and highly regulated recycling process of cellular
wastes. Having a housekeeping role, autophagy through the digestion of domestic cytosolic …