Viral infections are a leading cause of myocarditis and pericarditis worldwide, conditions that
frequently coexist. Myocarditis and pericarditis were some of the early comorbidities …

Heart failure exhibits remarkable pathophysiologic heterogeneity. A large body of evidence
suggests that regardless of the underlying etiology, heart failure is associated with induction …

By virtue of their actions on NF-κB, an inflammatory nuclear transcription factor, various
cytokines have been documented to play important regulatory roles in determining cardiac …

The three-signal paradigm tries to capture how the innate immune system instructs adaptive
immune responses in three well-defined actions:(1) presentation of antigenic peptides in the …

Myocarditis is a diverse group of heart-specific immune processes classified by clinical and
histopathological manifestations. Up to 40% of dilated cardiomyopathy is associated with …

Dendritic cells (DCs) initiate and shape both the innate and adaptive immune responses.
Accordingly, recent evidence from clinical studies and experimental models implicates DCs …

T helper (Th) 17 cells have been recently discovered in both mouse and human. Here we
show that interleukin-1 (IL-1) signaling on T cells is critically required for the early …

In response to inflammatory stimulation, dendritic cells (DCs) have a remarkable pattern of
differentiation (maturation) that exhibits specific mechanisms to control immunity. Here, we …

Abstract Interleukin-1 (IL-1) includes a family of closely related genes; the two major
agonistic proteins, IL-1α and IL-1β, are pleiotropic and affect mainly inflammation, immunity …

Myocarditis is defined as an inflammation of the cardiac muscle. In humans, various
infectious and non-infectious triggers induce myocarditis with a broad spectrum of …