Owing to the dysregulation of protein kinase activity in many diseases including cancer, the
protein kinase enzyme family has become one of the most important drug targets in the 21st …

The EGFR family is among the most investigated receptor protein-tyrosine kinase groups
owing to its general role in signal transduction and in oncogenesis. This family consists of …

Cyclins and cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs) are important proteins that are
required for the regulation and expression of the large number of components necessary for …

The human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family consists of four members that
belong to the ErbB lineage of proteins (ErbB1–4). These receptors consist of a glycosylated …

Estrogen rapidly activates the mitogen-activated protein kinases, Erk-1 and Erk-2, via an as
yet unknown mechanism. Here, evidence is provided that estrogen-induced Erk-1/-2 …

Because dysregulation of protein kinases owing to mutations or overexpression plays
causal roles in human diseases, this family of enzymes has become one of the most …

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers with greater than 1,300,000 cases and
450,000 deaths each year worldwide. The development of breast cancer involves a …

The growth of breast cancer cells is under the regulation of hormones, growth factors, and
their receptors. In the present study, we have employed a new, sensitive, and specific …

The biological and biochemical effects of estrogen have been ascribed to its known
receptors, which function as ligand-inducible transcription factors. However, estrogen also …

Purpose To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of fulvestrant (Faslodex; AstraZeneca
Pharmaceuticals LP, Wilmington, DE), a new estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist that …