Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are fundamental for macrophages to eliminate invasive
microorganisms. However, as observed in nonphagocytic cells, ROS play essential roles in …

Schizophrenia is recognized to be a highly heterogeneous disease at various levels, from
genetics to clinical manifestations and treatment sensitivity. This heterogeneity is also …

The production of various reactive oxidant species in excess of endogenous antioxidant
defense mechanisms promotes the development of a state of oxidative stress, with …

Our understanding of mechanisms underlying progression from Mycobacterium tuberculosis
infection to pulmonary tuberculosis disease in humans remains limited. To define such …

Two different forms of death are commonly observed when Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(Mtb)-infected macrophages die:(i) necrosis, a death modality defined by cell lysis and (ii) …

Saturated fatty acids can activate Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 but polyunsaturated
fatty acids, particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) inhibit the activation …

The “enhanced intracellular survival”(eis) gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is
involved in the intracellular survival of M. smegmatis. However, its exact effects on host cell …

Many studies have shown that TLR4-and TLR2-deficient mice are protected from high-fat
diet–induced inflammation and insulin resistance, suggesting that saturated fatty acids …

Rosacea is a common and chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects over 10 million
Americans. Although the phenotypes of rosacea are clinically heterogeneous, they are all …

Microglia are the resident immune cells of the CNS and constitute a self‐sustaining
population of CNS‐adapted tissue macrophages. As mononuclear phagocytic cells, they …