Vitamin D is considered an essential micronutrient for human health that is metabolized into
a multifunctional secosteroid hormone. We can synthesize it in the skin through ultraviolet B …

Abstract Background In 1957, Francis Crick drew a linear diagram on a blackboard. This
diagram is often called the “central dogma.” Subsequently, the relationships between …

Macrophages metabolic reprogramming in response to microbial insults is a major
determinant of pathogen growth or containment. Here, we reveal a distinct mechanism by …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus. There is
much evidence showing that a high level of mitochondrial overproduction of reactive oxygen …

Background Vitamin D supplementation has shown promise for reducing mortality in the
intensive care setting. As a steroid prohormone with pleiotropic effects, there may be a lag …

Background Gemcitabine is a first-line chemotherapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer (PC);
however, most patients who receive adjuvant gemcitabine rapidly develop resistance and …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and fatal fibrotic lung disease. However,
there are insufficient drugs available for IPF treatment, and the currently used drugs are …

Diet may be modified seasonally or by biogeographic, demographic or cultural shifts. It can
differentially influence mitochondrial bioenergetics, retrograde signalling to the nuclear …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been recognized as a significant global health problem
due to being an important contributor to morbidity and mortality. Inflammation is the critical …

Tumor cells are subjected to a broad range of selective pressures. As a result of the imposed
stress, subpopulations of surviving cells exhibit individual biochemical phenotypes that …