▪ Abstract External load plays a critical role in determining muscle mass and its phenotype in
cardiac myocytes. Cardiac myocytes have the ability to sense mechanical stretch and …

Since Kerr et al1 in 1972 coined the term “apoptosis” for a morphologically distinct mode of
cell death, this concept of cell suicide has gained increasing interest in cytology and …

▪ Abstract Ischemic preconditioning is a phenomenon whereby exposure of the myocardium
to a brief episode of ischemia and reperfusion markedly reduces tissue necrosis induced by …

It has recently been recognized that cellular stresses activate certain members of the
mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) superfamily. One role of these “stress-activated” …

▪ Abstract Intracellular calcium release channels are present on sarcoplasmic and
endoplasmic reticuli (SR, ER) of all cell types. There are two classes of these channels …

Heart failure (HF) is a physiological state in which cardiac output is insufficient to meet the
needs of the body. It is a clinical syndrome characterized by impaired ability of the left …

Anion transport proteins in mammalian cells participate in a wide variety of cell and
intracellular organelle functions, including regulation of electrical activity, pH, volume, and …

Heart failure (HF) is an increasing public health problem accelerated by a rapidly aging
global population. Despite considerable progress in managing the disease, the …

Protein kinase C (PKC) activation in the heart has been linked to a hypertrophic phenotype
and to processes that influence contractile function. To establish whether PKC activation is …

Eukaryotic cells respond to different external stimuli by activation of mechanisms of cell
signaling. One of the major systems participating in the transduction of signal from the cell …