Opioids form an important component of general anesthesia and perioperative analgesia.
Discharge opioid prescriptions are identified as a contributor for persistent opioid use and …

Nociception, in contrast to pain, is not a subjective feeling, but the physiological encoding
and processing of nociceptive stimuli. However, monitoring nociception remains a challenge …

Pain diagnosis and management would benefit from the development of objective markers
of nociception and pain. Current research addressing this issue has focused on five main …

Acute postoperative pain remains a major problem, resulting in multiple undesirable
outcomes if inadequately controlled. Most surgical patients spend their immediate …

In human pain experiments, as well as in clinical settings, subjects are often asked to assess
pain using scales (eg, numeric rating scales). Although most subjects have little difficulty in …

Background The clinically used methods of pain diagnosis do not allow for objective and
robust measurement, and physicians must rely on the patient's report on the pain sensation …

Background A means of identifying the presence and severity of pain that is not reliant on
the subjective assessment of pain is desirable whenever a patient self-rating of pain cannot …

Although it is well known that pain induces changes in autonomic parameters, the extent to
which these changes correlate with the experience of pain is under debate. The aim of the …

At present, short-acting drugs are used in order to achieve the three components of
anaesthesia, that is, analgesia, hypnosis and immobility. Assessment of the …

Current acute pain intensity assessment tools are mainly based on self-reporting by patients,
which is impractical for non-communicative, sedated or critically ill patients. In previous …