Background Complex parkinsonism is the commonest phenotype in late‐onset PLA2G6‐
associated neurodegeneration. Objectives The aim of this study was to deeply characterize …

Tardive syndromes are a group of hyperkinetic and hypokinetic movement disorders that
occur after some delay following exposure to dopamine receptor blocking agents such as …

Oculomotor assessment is an essential element of the neurological clinical examination and
is particularly important when evaluating patients with movements disorders. Most of the …

This review of commonly prescribed psychotropic drugs aims to update the clinician on
possible ophthalmic side effects that may include dry eye, diplopia, mydriasis, and cataracts …

Infantile-and childhood-onset parkinsonism is mainly due to genetic alterations and is an
exceedingly rare condition, unlike Parkinson's disease (PD), which is one of the most …

Background: Oculogyric crisis (OGC) is a form of acute dystonia characterized by sustained
dystonic, conjugate, and upward deviation of the eyes. It was initially reported in patients …

Aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) is an essential dopamine-synthesizing
enzyme. In children with AADC deficiency, the gene delivery of AADC into the putamen …

Objectives: Outline some medications commonly associated with dystonic reactions. Review
how to evaluate a patient with a dystonic reaction. Explain how to properly manage a patient …

Background Aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency is a rare neurological
condition, with an estimated global prevalence of 1: 32,000 to 1: 90,000 live births. AADC …

Background Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency is a rare, autosomal
recessive neurometabolic disorder with heterogeneous phenotype, including hypotonia …