Pathological calcification of cartilage is a hallmark of osteoarthritis (OA). Calcification can be
observed both at the cartilage surface and in its deeper layers. The formation of calcium …

Biomineralization is the process by which hydroxyapatite is deposited in the extracellular
matrix. Physiological mineralization occurs in hard tissues, whereas pathological …

Hypophosphatasia (HPP) results from ALPL mutations leading to deficient activity of the
tissue-non-specific alkaline phosphatase isozyme (TNAP) and thereby extracellular …

with the matrix and with the periodicity of negative charges on collagen. Crystals initially
form octacalcium phosphate [Ca8H2 (PO4) 6· 5H2O], which reorganizes and seeds epitaxial …

This review focuses on the association between vascular calcification and arterial stiffness,
highlighting the important genetic factors, systemic and local microenvironmental signals …

Osteopontin (OPN) is a multifunctional molecule highly expressed in chronic inflammatory
and autoimmune diseases, and it is specifically localized in and around inflammatory cells …

Idiopathic infantile arterial calcification (IIAC; OMIM 208000) is characterized by calcification
of the internal elastic lamina of muscular arteries and stenosis due to myointimal …

Cardiovascular calcification is a common consequence of aging, diabetes,
hypercholesterolemia, mechanically abnormal valve function, and chronic renal …

Inorganic pyrophosphate (PP i) produced by cells inhibits mineralization by binding to
crystals. Its ubiquitous presence is thought to prevent" soft" tissues from mineralizing …

ENPP1 (Ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1), a type II transmembrane
glycoprotein, hydrolyzes ATP to produce AMP and diphosphate, thereby inhibiting bone …