Hydrodynamic instabilities such as Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) and Richtmyer–Meshkov (RM)
instabilities usually appear in conjunction with the Kelvin–Helmholtz (KH) instability and are …

Solar energetic particles, or SEPs, from suprathermal (few keV) up to relativistic (∼∼ few
GeV) energies are accelerated near the Sun in at least two ways:(1) by magnetic …

Abstract One century ago Viktor Hess carried out several balloon flights that led him to
conclude that the penetrating radiation responsible for the discharge of electroscopes was of …

The origin of cosmic rays in our Galaxy remains a subject of active debate. While supernova
remnant (SNR) shocks are often invoked as the sites of acceleration, it is now widely …

The search for Galactic pevatrons is now a well-identified key science project of all
instruments operating in the very-high-energy domain. Indeed, in this energy range, the …

Collisionless shocks, that is shocks mediated by electromagnetic processes, are customary
in space physics and in astrophysics. They are to be found in a great variety of objects and …

We review the present theoretical and numerical understanding of magnetic field
amplification in cosmic large-scale structure, on length scales of galaxy clusters and beyond …

Supernova remnants exhibit shock fronts (shells) that can accelerate charged particles up to
very high energies. In the past decade, measurements of a handful of shell-type supernova …

Shock waves, as shown by simulations and observations, can generate high levels of
downstream vortical turbulence, including magnetic islands. We consider a combination of …

The magnetosheath flow may take the form of large amplitude, yet spatially localized,
transient increases in dynamic pressure, known as “magnetosheath jets” or “plasmoids” …