The nucleus accumbens is a major input structure of the basal ganglia and integrates
information from cortical and limbic structures to mediate goal-directed behaviors. Chronic …

Addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder characterized by the loss of control over drug
intake, high motivation to obtain the drug, and a persistent craving for the drug …

The antiporter system xc− imports the amino acid cystine, the oxidized form of cysteine, into
cells with a 1: 1 counter-transport of glutamate. It is composed of a light chain, xCT, and a …

N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is recognized for its role in acetaminophen overdose and as a
mucolytic. Over the past decade, there has been growing evidence for the use of NAC in …

Drug addiction is a chronically relapsing disorder that has been characterized by (1)
compulsion to seek and take the drug,(2) loss of control in limiting intake, and (3) emergence …

Addiction is associated with neuroplasticity in the corticostriatal brain circuitry that is
important for guiding adaptive behaviour. The hierarchy of corticostriatal information …

Extraversion has two central characteristics:(1) interpersonal engagement, which consists of
affiliation (enjoying and valuing close interpersonal bonds, being warm and affectionate) …

We present a brief overview of the incentive sensitization theory of addiction. This posits that
addiction is caused primarily by drug-induced sensitization in the brain mesocorticolimbic …

Repeated exposure to drugs of abuse enhances the motor-stimulant response to these
drugs, a phenomenon termed behavioral sensitization. Animals that are extinguished from …

Addiction is caused, in part, by powerful and long-lasting memories of the drug experience.
Relapse caused by exposure to cues associated with the drug experience is a major clinical …