The existence of sex differences in the standard rat and mouse models of learning and
memory is a controversial and contested topic in the literature. The present meta-analysis of …

It is widely believed that male mammals have better spatial ability than females. A large
number of evolutionary hypotheses have been proposed to explain these differences, but …

The current status of the effects of ovarian steroids on learning and memory remains
somewhat unclear, despite a large undertaking to evaluate these effects. What is emerging …

Many findings suggest that changes in circulating estrogen levels influence cognition, in
some cases impairing performance and in others enhancing performance. One …

Despite abundant evidence of sex differences in the effects of drugs on nonsexual
behaviour in rats and mice, most researchers continue to investigate male animals …

Accumulating evidence suggests that the antecedents, consequences, and mechanisms of
drug abuse and dependence are not identical in males and females and that gender may be …

Accumulating evidence suggests that the detrimental effect of nicotine and tobacco smoke
on the central nervous system (CNS) is caused by the neurotoxic role of nicotine on blood …

Two relatively simple theories of brain function will be used to demonstrate the explanatory
power of multiple memory systems in your brain interacting cooperatively or competitively to …

This chapter considers the neurobiological mechanisms that are thought to mediate the
reinforcing or rewarding properties of nicotine. It focuses on the data (derived principally …

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of sex and estrous cycle on
exploratory behavior, as well as the degree to which reliance on environmental cues …