The hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis is a complex system of neuroendocrine pathways
and feedback loops that function to maintain physiological homeostasis. Abnormal …

Identity concealment affects all sexual minority individuals, with potentially complex mental
health implications. Concealing a sexual minority identity can simultaneously generate the …

Gonadal hormones play a key role in the establishment, activation, and regulation of the
hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. By influencing the response and sensitivity to …

Importance Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have consistently reported associations
between childhood trauma and psychotic experiences and disorders. However, few studies …

Chronic exposure to stress hormones, whether it occurs during the prenatal period, infancy,
childhood, adolescence, adulthood or aging, has an impact on brain structures involved in …

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is a major component of the systems that
respond to stress, by coordinating the neuroendocrine and autonomic responses. Tightly …

The brain is the key organ of the response to stress because it determines what is
threatening and, therefore, potentially stressful, as well as the physiological and behavioral …

Adolescence is a time of continued brain maturation, particularly in limbic and cortical
regions, which undoubtedly plays a role in the physiological and emotional changes …

Adolescence is a time of many psychosocial and physiological changes. One such change
is how an individual responds to stressors. Specifically, adolescence is marked by …

Negative social experiences during adolescence are central features for several stress-
related mental illnesses. Social play fighting behavior in rats peaks during early …