Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are distributed across all kingdoms of life and are an
indispensable component of host defenses. They consist of predominantly short cationic …

Peptides are important bioactive natural products which are present in many marine
species. These marine peptides have high potential nutraceutical and medicinal values …

Diseases have caused tremendous economic losses and become the major problem
threatening the sustainable development of shrimp aquaculture. The knowledge of host …

The annual production of shrimp culture in mainland of China has been over one million
tons for several years. The major cultivated penaeidae species are Litopenaeus vannamei …

Marine organisms provide an abundant source of potential medicines. Many of the marine-
derived biomaterials have been shown to act as different mechanisms in immune …

All eukaryotic organisms, single-celled or multi-cellular, produce a diverse array of natural
anti-infective agents that, in addition to conventional antimicrobial peptides, also include …

Invertebrates lack adaptive immunity and innate immunity plays important roles in combating
foreign invasive pathogens. Freshwater crustaceans, which are invertebrates, depend …

The discovery of antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial infections brought the idea that
bacteria would no longer endanger human health. However, bacterial diseases still …

Toll-like receptor-mediated NF-κB pathways are essential for inducing immune related-gene
expression in the defense against bacterial, fungal and viral infections in insects and …

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are evolutionarily ancient molecules that act as the key
components in the invertebrate innate immunity against invading pathogens. Several AMPs …