Causes of mortality from COVID‐19 include respiratory failure, heart failure, and
sepsis/multiorgan failure. TLR4 is an innate immune receptor on the cell surface that …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are fundamental sensor molecules of the host innate immune
system, which detect conserved molecular signatures of a wide range of microbial …

The innate immune system constitutes the first line of defense against invading microbial
pathogens and relies on a large family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which detect …

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded, endogenous non-coding small RNAs, ranging
from 18 to 25 nucleotides in length. Growing evidence suggests that miRNAs are essential …

Autoimmune diseases are a family of chronic systemic inflammatory disorders, characterized
by the dysregulation of the immune system which finally results in the break of tolerance to …

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) longer than 30 bp is a key activator of the innate immune
response against viral infections. It is widely assumed that the generation of dsRNA during …

The paramyxovirus Sendai (SV), is a well-established inducer of IFN-αβ gene expression. In
this study we show that SV induces IFN-αβ gene expression normally in cells from mice with …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly infects
humans and animals which make coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a grievous …

The multitude and abundance of macrophage-derived mediators in rheumatoid arthritis and
their paracrine/autocrine effects identify macrophages as local and systemic amplifiers of …

Dengue virus (DV) infection is the most prevalent mosquito-borne viral disease and its
manifestation has been shown to be contributed in part by the host immune responses. In …