Tumor vaccination is a promising approach for tumor immunotherapy because it presents
high specificity and few side effects. However, tumor vaccines that contain only a single …

Microvesicles are extracellular vesicles with diameter ranging from 100 to 1000 nm that are
secreted by tumor cells or other cells in the tumor microenvironment. A growing number of …

Immunotherapy has gradually emerged as the most promising anticancer therapy. In
addition to conventional anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, anti-CTLA-4 therapy, CAR-T therapy, etc …

Background PD-L1 is one of the major immune checkpoints which limits the effectiveness of
antitumor immunity. Blockade of PD-L1/PD-1 has been a major improvement in the …

Cancer vaccines hold considerable promise for the immunotherapy of solid tumors.
Nanomedicine offers several strategies for enhancing vaccine effectiveness. In particular …

In the classification and typing of breast cancer, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one
type of refractory breast cancer, while chemotherapy stays in the traditional treatment …

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the main causes of cancer-related death worldwide. The
heterogenicity of breast tumors and the presence of tumor resistance, metastasis, and …

Cancer remains a major health concern globally. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) target
co-inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules and have received approval for treating …

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by extensive tumor heterogeneity at
both the pathologic and molecular levels, particularly accelerated aggressiveness, and …

Objectives CCL20 is a chemotactic factor that is involved in immune cell recruitment and
cancer progression. However, the role of CCL20 in the prognosis of breast cancer remains …