T-cell exhaustion is a phenomenon of dysfunction or physical elimination of antigen-specific
T cells reported in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and …

CD8 T cell activation and differentiation are tightly controlled, and dependent on the context
in which naïve T cells encounter antigen, can either result in functional memory or T cell …

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) enables specific profiling of cell populations at
single-cell resolution. The osteoimmunology microenvironment in the occurrence and …

Objective: In HIV-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART), latent HIV is enriched
in CD4+ T cells expressing immune checkpoint molecules, in particular programmed cell …

Treatment with antiretroviral therapy dramatically increases the survival of HIV-infected
individuals. However, treatment has to be continued for life because it does not lead to the …

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a critical regulator of tumor growth, progression, and
metastasis. Since immune cells represent a large fraction of the TME, they play a key role in …

Chronic immune activation, immunosuppression, and T cell exhaustion are hallmarks of HIV
infection, yet the mechanisms driving these processes are unclear. Chronic activation can …

Abstract Treatment of HIV-1 infection with antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the weeks following
transmission may induce a state of 'post-treatment control'(PTC) in some patients, in whom …

Globally, over 500 million people are chronically infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) or
hepatitis C virus (HCV). These chronic infections cause liver inflammation, and may result in …

Initially, indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) has been introduced as a bactericidal effector
mechanism and has been linked to T-cell immunosuppression and tolerance. In recent …