Estrogens have historically been associated with female reproduction, but work over the last
two decades established that estrogens and their main nuclear receptors (ESR1 and ESR2) …

Diseases of the cardiovascular system are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in
men and women in developed countries, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is becoming …

Testosterone (T) is the principal male sex hormone. As men age, T levels typically fall.
Symptoms of low T include decreased libido, vasomotor instability, and decreased bone …

This review summarizes recent evidence concerning hormonal and sex chromosome effects
in obesity, atherosclerosis, aneurysms, ischemia/reperfusion injury, and hypertension …

Objective To verify whether hypogonadism represents a risk factor for cardiovascular (CV)
morbidity and mortality and to verify whether testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) …

Two recent studies raised new concerns regarding cardiovascular (CV) risks with
testosterone (T) therapy. This article reviews those studies as well as the extensive literature …

(MMAS) have revealed an increasing incidence of hypogonadism within the aging US
population. The Massachusetts Male Aging Study estimates indicate that% 2.4 million men …

The higher incidence of cardiovascular disease in men than in women of similar age, and
the menopause-associated increase in cardiovascular disease in women, has led to …

Importance Controversy exists regarding the safety of testosterone replacement therapy
(TRT) following recent reports of an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events …

Introduction Longitudinal studies have demonstrated that male hypogonadism could be
considered a surrogate marker of incident cardiovascular disease. Aim To evaluate the …