Abstract The Southern Annular Mode (SAM) is the leading mode of extratropical Southern
Hemisphere climate variability, associated with changes in the strength and position of the …

Understanding the causes of recent climatic trends and variability in the high-latitude
Southern Hemisphere is hampered by a short instrumental record. Here, we analyse recent …

Climate models have continued to be developed and improved since the AR4, and many
models have been extended into Earth System models by including the representation of …

This chapter assesses the causes of observed changes assessed in Chapters 2 to 5 and
uses understanding of physical processes, climate models and statistical approaches. The …

An extreme (weather or climate) event is generally defined as the occurrence of a value of a
weather or climate variable above (or below) a threshold value near the upper (or lower) …

This chapter assesses the scientific literature describing expectations for near-term climate
(present through mid-century). Unless otherwise stated," near-term" change and the …

Brohan, P., JJ Kennedy, I. Harris, SFB Tett, and PD Jones, 2006: Uncertainty estimates in
regional and global observed temperature changes: A new data set from 1850. J. Geophys …

In stark contrast to the Arctic, there have been statistically significant positive trends in total
Antarctic sea ice extent since 1979. However, the short and highly variable nature of …

Anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases have driven and
will continue to drive widespread climate change at the Earth's surface. But surface climate …

Abstract The Southern Annular Mode (SAM) is the primary pattern of climate variability in the
Southern Hemisphere,, influencing latitudinal rainfall distribution and temperatures from the …