The many functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs) like exosomes and microvesicles
released from healthy cells have been well characterized, particularly in relation to their …

Background Systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE) is a complex and clinically heterogeneous
autoimmune disease. A variety of immunological defects contribute to SLE, including …

Autophagy is a highly conserved process that degrades certain intracellular contents in both
physiological and pathological conditions. Autophagy-related proteins (ATG) are key players …

When apoptotic cells are not cleared in an efficient and timely manner, they progress to
secondary necrosis and lose their membrane integrity. This results in a leakage of …

The TAM receptors—Tyro3, Axl, and Mer—comprise a unique family of receptor tyrosine
kinases, in that as a group they play no essential role in embryonic development. Instead …

Systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren's syndrome, and dermatomyositis are systemic
autoimmune diseases that develop after environmental triggering of genetically susceptible …

Alterations of cell death pathways, including apoptosis and the neutrophil specific kind of
death called NETosis, can represent a potential source of autoantigens. Defects in the …

The immune system is routinely exposed to dead cells during normal cell turnover, injury
and infection. Mechanisms must exist to discriminate between different forms of cell death to …

The predominant definition of apoptosis considers that the elimination of the apoptosing cell
is by heterolytic degradation following phagocytosis by an assisting scavenger …

Ionizing radiation is often regarded as an element of danger. But, danger responses on the
cellular and molecular level are often beneficial with regard to the induction of anti‐tumor …