Background With limited agricultural land and increasing human population, it is essential to
enhance overall photosynthesis and thus productivity. Oxygenic photosynthesis begins with …

Using chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence many aspects of the photosynthetic apparatus can be
studied, both in vitro and, noninvasively, in vivo. Complementary techniques can help to …

Global warming has led to increased temperature of the earth which is a major abiotic stress
posing a serious threat to the plants. Photosynthesis is amongst the plant cell functions that …

Photosystem II (PSII) uses solar energy to oxidize water and delivers electrons to fix CO2.
Although the structure at atomic resolution and the basic photophysical and photochemical …

Drought is a major abiotic stress that impairs plant growth and development. Despite this, a
comprehensive understanding of drought effects on the photosynthetic apparatus is lacking …

The fast (up to 1 s) chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence induction (FI) curve, measured under
saturating continuous light, has a photochemical phase, the O–J rise, related mainly to the …

Chromate (Cr) decreases the growth of Spirodela polyrhiza. The fronds lost their pigments.
The O2 evolution was also decreased. The Cr effect was found to be dose dependent. The …

In nature, plants experience large fluctuations in light intensity and they need to balance the
absorption and utilization of this energy appropriately. Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) …

Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements have a wide range of applications from basic
understanding of photosynthesis functioning to plant environmental stress responses and …

Chlorophyll a fluorescence rise caused by illumination of photosynthetic samples by high
intensity of exciting light, the O–J–I–P (O–I1–I2–P) transient, is reviewed here. First, basic …