The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), as members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase
(MAPK) family, mediate eukaryotic cell responses to a wide range of abiotic and biotic stress …

Signal transduction networks allow cells to perceive changes in the extracellular
environment and to mount an appropriate response. Mitogen-activated protein kinase …

The RAS–mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway has long been
viewed as an attractive pathway for anticancer therapies, based on its central role in …

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) cascades transmit and amplify signals
involved in cell proliferation as well as cell death. These signal transduction pathways serve …

Endocannabinoids are released after brain injury and believed to attenuate neuronal
damage by binding to CB 1 receptors and protecting against excitotoxicity. Such excitotoxic …

Extracellular signal regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) regulate cellular responses to a
variety of extracellular stimuli. In the nervous system, ERK1/2 is critical for neuronal …

Purpose: Raf-1 kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) was originally identified as the first
physiologic inhibitor of the Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal …

Mechanical force is an important modulator of cellular morphology and function in a variety
of tissues, and is particularly important in cardiovascular systems. Vascular smooth muscle …

Abstract The Raf/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signal transduction cascade is a vital mediator of a
number of cellular fates including growth, proliferation and survival, among others. The focus …

Proteins in the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family recognize transmembrane
serine/threonine kinases known as type I and type II receptors. Binding of TGF-β to receptors …