2018 marks the 100-year anniversary of the 1918 influenza pandemic, which killed~ 50
million people worldwide. The severity of this pandemic resulted from a complex interplay …

The olfactory nerve consists mainly of olfactory receptor neurons and directly connects the
nasal cavity with the central nervous system (CNS). Each olfactory receptor neuron projects …

H7N9 low pathogenic influenza viruses emerged in China in 2013 and mutated to highly
pathogenic strains in 2017, resulting in human infections and disease in chickens. To control …

Background The first identified cases of avian influenza A (H7N9) virus infection in humans
occurred in China during February and March 2013. We analyzed data obtained from field …

The recent emergence of a novel avian A/H 7 N 9 influenza virus in poultry and humans in C
hina, as well as laboratory studies on adaptation and transmission of avian A/H 5 N 1 …

Influenza A virions possess two surface glycoproteins—the hemagglutinin (HA) and
neuraminidase (NA)—which exert opposite functions. HA attaches virions to cells by binding …

Certain low pathogenic avian influenza viruses can mutate to highly pathogenic viruses
when they circulate in domestic poultry, at which point they can cause devastating poultry …

Since March 2013, the emergence of an avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus has raised
concern in China. Although most infections resulted in respiratory illness, some severe …

H7N9 influenza viruses were first isolated in 2013 and continue to cause human infections.
H7N9 infections represent an ongoing public health threat that has resulted in 1344 cases …

The recent emergence of the H7N9 avian influenza A virus and its ability to infect humans
emphasize the epidemic and pandemic potential of these viruses. Interspecies transmission …