Exposure to a variety of environmental factors such as salinity, drought, metal toxicity,
extreme temperature, air pollutants, ultraviolet‐B (UV‐B) radiation, pesticides, and pathogen …

The chemical form and physiological activity of iron (Fe) in soil are dependent on soil pH
and redox potential (Eh), and Fe levels in soils are frequently elevated to the point of …

Phytohormones such as ethylene and auxin are involved in the regulation of the aluminum
(Al)-induced root growth inhibition. Although jasmonate (JA) has been reported to play a …

Main conclusion Hypergravity is an effective novel stimulus to elucidate plant gravitational
and mechanobiological behaviour. Here, we review the current understanding of …

Nitrate is an essential nutrient for plants, and crops depend on its availability for growth and
development, but its presence in agricultural soils is far from stable. In order to overcome …

Plant biology experiments in real and simulated microgravity have significantly contributed
to our understanding of physiology and behavior of plants. How do plants perceive …

Despite the observed severe effects of microgravity on mammalian cells, many astronauts
have completed long term stays in space without suffering from severe health problems. This …

Gravity is one of the environmental cues that direct plant growth and development. Recent
investigations of different gravity signalling pathways have added complexity to how we …

Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient for plant growth and development, and is frequently
limiting. By contrast, over-accumulation of Fe in plant tissues leads to toxicity. In soils, the …

Nitrate (NO3-) is a key element for crop production but its levels in agricultural soils are
limited. Plants have developed mechanisms to cope with these NO3-fluctuations based on …