Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), one of the most common metabolic disorders, is caused
by a combination of two primary factors: defective insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells and …

Chronic low-grade inflammation in adipose tissue (AT) is a hallmark of obesity and
contributes to various metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular …

Mitochondrial uncoupling can be defined as a dissociation between mitochondrial
membrane potential generation and its use for mitochondria-dependent ATP synthesis …

Sarcopenia, an age-associated decline in skeletal muscle mass coupled with functional
deterioration, may be exacerbated by obesity leading to higher disability, frailty, morbidity …

Irisin is a myokine that leads to increased energy expenditure by stimulating the'browning'of
white adipose tissue. In the first description of this hormone, increased levels of circulating …

White adipose tissue (WAT) is an endocrine organ highly integrated in homeostasis and
capable of establishing ways of communicating and influencing multiple metabolic …

Clear evidence indicates that cytokines, for instance, adipokines, hepatokines, inflammatory
cytokines, myokines, and osteokines, contribute substantially to the development of …

Physical exercise has beneficial effects on metabolic diseases, and a combined therapeutic
regimen of regular exercise and pharmaceutical treatment is often recommended for their …

In 2002, a transmembrane protein—now known as FNDC5—was discovered and shown to
be expressed in skeletal muscle, heart, and brain. It was virtually ignored for 10 years, until a …

It is unclear how physical activity stimulates new bone synthesis. We explored whether irisin,
a newly discovered myokine released upon physical activity, displays anabolic actions on …