Peptides and proteins are widely used to treat a range of medical conditions; however, they
often have to be injected and their effects are short-lived. These shortcomings of the native …

Protein therapeutics hold a prominent and rapidly expanding place among medicinal
products. Purified blood products, recombinant cytokines, growth factors, enzyme …

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a flexible, hydrophilic simple polymer that is physically attached
to peptides, proteins, nucleic acids, liposomes, and nanoparticles to reduce renal clearance …

The CRISPR-Cas9 system has raised hopes for developing personalized gene therapies for
complex diseases. Its application for genetic and epigenetic therapies in humans raises …

Most tumors display oncogene-driven reprogramming of several metabolic pathways, which
are crucial to sustain their growth and proliferation. In recent years, both dietary and …

Immobilization of enzymes is not a new concept but one that has been around for over 100
years. However, wide applications for immobilized enzymes came only in the past four …

Genome‐editing therapeutics are poised to treat human diseases. As we enter clinical trials
with the most promising CRISPR‐Cas9 and CRISPR‐Cas12a (Cpf1) modalities, the risks …

L-asparaginase is an enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of asparagine and successfully
used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. L-asparaginase toxicity is either …

The field of directed evolution has progressed to the point where it is feasible to engineer
enzymes for unnatural substrates and reactions with catalytic efficiencies and regio …

The conventional approach for designing vaccine against a particular disease involves
stimulation of the immune system using the whole pathogen responsible for the disease. In …