IL-34 shares a common receptor with M-CSF, while it can bind to other distinct receptors
including protein-tyrosine phosphatase zeta (PTPζ), and syndecan1 (SDC-1). In …

In recent years, IL-34 has been widely discussed as a novel cytokine. IL-34 is a pro-
inflammatory cytokine binding four distinct receptors, namely CSF-1R, syndecan-1, PTP-ζ …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease with a multifaceted etiology,
which primarily affects and results in the deterioration of the synovium of patients. While the …

Experimental evidence suggests that, in the inflamed gut of inflammatory bowel disease
(IBD) patients, interleukin-34 (IL-34) triggers detrimental signaling pathways …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex autoimmune disorder characterized by a spectrum of
hypersensitivity reactions, encompassing Type II, Type III, and Type IV responses. Firstly, RA …

Macrophages are immune cells that help provide the first line of defense against a wide
range of internal and external insults and create the bridge between innate and adaptive …

Objective ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) poses a significant challenge despite
advances in reperfusion strategies. The “no-reflow” phenomenon, characterized by …

O traumatismo crânioencefálico (TCE) é um problema de saúde mundial, devido às
disfunções neurológicas causadas pelas lesões primárias e secundárias subsequentes …