Neuroinflammation is involved in the onset or progression of various neurodegenerative
diseases. Initiation of neuroinflammation is triggered by endogenous substances (damage …

Endothelial tight junctions (TJs) regulate the transport of water, ions, and molecules through
the paracellular pathway, serving as an important barrier in blood vessels and maintaining …

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a selective barrier and a functional gatekeeper for the
central nervous system (CNS), essential for maintaining brain homeostasis. The BBB is …

Background Cytokines play multiple roles during neuro-inflammatory processes and several
cytokines have been studied in the context of specific diseases. This study provides a …

Abstract Inflammation activates indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) which metabolizes
tryptophan into kynurenine. Circulating kynurenine is transported into the brain by the large …

Occludin is a key structural component of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) that has recently
become an important focus of research in BBB damages. Many studies have demonstrated …

Summary Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI 588 (CBM 588) is a probiotic bacterium that has
previously been used to prevent antibiotic-associated diarrhea. However, the underlying …

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) serves as a defensive line protecting the central nervous
system, while also maintaining micro-environment homeostasis and inhibiting harmful …

The brain is both the orchestrator as well as the target of the innate immune system's
response to the aseptic trauma of surgery. When trauma-induced inflammation is not …

The integrity of the endothelial barrier is a determinant of the prognosis of
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI). In this study, we investigated …