Human pluripotent stem cells have emerged as a promising in vitro model system for
studying the brain. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional cell culture paradigms have …

Despite increasing evidence of major differences between rodent and human immune and
neurological function, relatively few biomedical studies are performed with human cells. This …

Brain pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs) are a critical component of the
neurovascular unit and are important in regulating cerebral blood flow and blood-brain …

Background Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ 1) is strongly induced following brain
injury and polarises microglia to an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Augmentation of TGFβ 1 …

Background Microglia play critical roles in the brain during homeostasis and pathological
conditions. Understanding the molecular events underpinning microglial functions and …

Platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB): PDGF receptor-β (PDGFRβ) signalling in
brain pericytes is critical to the development, maintenance and function of a healthy blood …

Multifocal inflammatory lesions featuring destruction of lipid-rich myelin are pathologic
hallmarks of multiple sclerosis. Lesion activity is assessed by the extent and composition of …

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an incurable and rapidly progressive neurological
disorder. Biomarkers are critical to understanding disease causation, monitoring disease …

Background Brain inflammation plays a key role in neurological disease. Although much
research has been conducted investigating inflammatory events in animal models, potential …

The kynurenine pathway (KP) is the principal route of L-tryptophan (TRP) catabolism leading
to the production of kynurenine (KYN), the neuroprotectants, kynurenic acid (KYNA) and …